Recent regulatory changes have brought a renewed focus on the impact of
           investment expenses on investors’ financial well-being. The author offers
           methods for calculating relative terminal wealth levels for those investing in
           funds with different expense ratios. Under plausible conditions, a person saving
           for retirement who chooses low-cost investments could have a standard of living
           throughout retirement more than 20% higher than that of a comparable investor in
           high-cost investments. 
